Standard Ebooks

Art and Images

When you create a new Standard Ebooks draft using the se create-draft tool, you’ll already have templates for the cover and titlepage images present in ./images/.

Text in these SVG files is represented as text, not paths, so you can edit them using a text editor and not an SVG editor. Then, the se build-images tool converts these text-based source images into path-based compiled images, for distribution in the final epub file. We do this so to avoid having to distribute the font files along with the epub.

To develop cover and titlepage images, you must have the free League Spartan and Sorts Mill Goudy fonts installed on your system.

Complete list of files

A complete set of image source files consists of:

  • ./images/cover.source.(jpg|png|bmp|tif): The full source image used for the cover art, in as high a resolution as possible. Can be of any image format, but typically we end up with JPGs.

  • ./images/cover.jpg: A cropped part of the source image that will serve as the actual image file we use in the cover. Must be exactly 1400w × 2100h.

  • ./images/cover.svg: The SVG source file for the cover, with any text represented as actual, editable text. Must be exactly 1400w × 2100h pixels. Since the final cover image SVG has the text converted to paths, we keep this file around to make it easier to make changes to the cover in the future.

  • ./src/epub/images/cover.svg: The final SVG cover image. This image should be exactly like ./images/cover.svg, but with the text converted to paths.

    This image is generated by the se build-images tool.

  • ./images/titlepage.svg: The SVG source file for the titlepage, with any text represented as actual, editable text. Must be exactly 1400 pixels wide, but the height must exactly match the text height plus some padding (described below).

  • ./src/epub/images/titlepage.svg: The final SVG titlepage image, with text converted to paths just like the cover page.

    This image is generated by the se build-images tool.

SVG patterns

  1. SVGs are only sized with viewBox, not height or width.

    1. The viewBox attribute consists of whole numbers, without fractions.

  2. The only attributes on the <svg> root element are: xmlns, version, and viewBox.

  3. The contents of the SVG’s <title> element matches the alt attribute of its <img> element in the text.

  4. Grouping with <g> is avoided, unless it makes semantic sense. Groups whose sole purpose is to apply transforms should have those transforms applied to the children, and the group removed.

  5. The use of fill color is avoided unless strictly necessary. Not defining a fill color allows for night mode compatibility.

  6. The transform attribute is illegal; transforms are applied to their elements directly.

The cover image

The cover image is auto-generated by the se create-draft tool. The arrangement of the text is a suggestion, and may be changed by the producer in case a more visually-pleasing arrangement is desired.

After completing ./images/cover.svg, use the se build-images tool to build the rasterized distribution SVG in ./src/epub/images/cover.svg.

  1. The <title> element has a value of The cover for the Standard Ebooks edition of followed by the title string.

Cover image layout

se create-draft generates ./images/cover.svg for you with correct dimensions and layout. It’s rarely necessary to edit the cover.

  1. Both the title and author are in League Spartan font with 5px letter spacing in ALL CAPS.

    1. If the author is Anonymous, then the author is omitted from the cover image.

  2. The left and right sides of the black title box have at least 40px padding. More padding is preferable over cramming the title in.

  3. Translators, illustrators, and other contributors besides the author do not appear on the cover.

  4. The group of both the title and author lines is horizontally centered in the black title box.

Title line dimensions

  1. One-line titles: the line is 80px tall. Example: The Prince, by Niccolò Machiavelli.

  2. Two-line titles: each line is 80px tall, and the second title line is 20px below the first line. Example: Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky.

  3. Two-line, very long titles: each line is 60px tall, and the second line is 20px below the first line. Example: The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, by Selma Lagerlöf.

  4. Two-line, extremely long titles: each line is 50px tall, and the second line is 20px below the first line. Example: The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen, by Rudolph Erich Raspe.

Author line dimensions

  1. The first author line begins 60px below the last title line.

  2. One-line authors: the line is 40px tall.

  3. Two-line authors: each line is 40px tall, and the second author line is 20px below the first line.

Cover art

  1. ./images/cover.svg links to ./images/cover.jpg as the canvas background.

  2. ./images/cover.jpg is 1400w × 2100h in pixels, and is compressed as much as possible while maintaining an acceptable image quality. An acceptable level of image quality is more important than file size.

  3. Because ./images/cover.jpg is an image with large dimensions, it must be sourced from a high-resolution scan. It may not always be possible to locate a high-resolution scan, so a smaller source image may be upscaled a small amount to meet the target dimensions.

  4. Cover art is in the “fine art oil painting” style, and in full color. Art not in this style, like ink drawings, woodcuts, medieval-style “flat” paintings, pencil sketches, modern CG art, or black-and-white scans, is not acceptable. Generally watercolor is not acceptable, though some watercolor may be acceptable if its appearance is oil-paining-like.

    1. Cover art is not a very famous or easily-recognizable painting, like Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa or Van Gogh’s Starry Night.

  5. ./images/cover.source.(jpg|png|bmp|tif) is the unmodified source image used to create ./images/cover.jpg. This image is kept in case changes to the source images are to be made in the future.

  6. The cropped ./images/cover.jpg is not larger than 1.5 MB.

US-PD clearance

The paintings we use are all in the U.S. public domain (US-PD). Your task is to locate a painting suitable for the kind of book you’re producing, and then demonstrate that the painting is indeed in the U.S. public domain.

U.S. copyright law is complicated. Because of this, we require that you provide a link to a page scan of a book published before January 1, 1929 that reproduces the painting you selected. This is a hard requirement to demonstrate that the painting you selected is in fact in the U.S. public domain. Just because a painting is very old, or Wikipedia says it’s PD, or it’s PD in a country besides the U.S., doesn’t necessarily mean it actually is PD in the U.S.

Clearance procedure

To actually demonstrate that a painting is PD, you must locate a reproduction of that painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

This can be quite difficult. Many people find this to be the most time-consuming part of the ebook production process.

Because of the difficulty, finding suitable cover art is all about compromise. You’re unlikely to find the perfect cover image. You’ll find a lot of paintings that would be great matches, but that you can’t find reproductions of and thus we can’t use. So, be ready to compromise.

Note that in ./images/cover.svg, the black title and author box always goes in the lower half of the work. Thus, paintings in which some important detail would be obscured by the box cannot be used.

  • Before you can go looking for a reproduction of a specific painting to prove its PD status, you have to find a suitable painting to begin with. Wikiart and Artvee are great resources for searching for paintings by keyword. Museum online collections are another good place to look for inspiration.

    Once you find a potential candidate you can start researching its PD status.

  • Many museum online catalogs have a “bibliography” or “references” section for each painting in their collection. This is usually a list of books in which the painting was either mentioned or reproduced. This is a good shortcut to finding the names of books in which a painting was reproduced, and if you’re lucky, a search for the book title in Google Books will turn up scans.

  • Visit Google Books, HathiTrust, and the Internet Archive to begin searching for books where your art is reproduced.

    (Note that if your IP address is not in the U.S., many book archives like Google Books and HathiTrust may disable book previews.)

    When searching for cover art, remember that artist names and painting titles may be spelled in many different ways. Often a painting went by multiple titles, or if the title was not in English, by many different translations. Your best bet is to simply search for an artist’s last name, and not the painting title.

  • Once you locate a book with reproductions, open the book up in thumbnail view and quickly eyeball the pages to see if the artwork is reproduced there.

Gotchas

  • In older books it was common to have etchings of paintings. Etchings are not strict reproductions, and so we cannot count them for PD clearance. Etchings can sometimes be identified by: (1) having more clearly defined lines, or shading with more contrast; (2) having shading done with a stipple effect; (3) differences in small amorphous details like the shape of clouds, trees, or fabric compared to the original painting.

    Additionally, it was common for painters to produce several different versions of the same artwork. These different versions are also not enough for PD clearance. The version you find in print must exactly match the scan you located online.

    Before completing PD clearance, carefully compare the reproduction in the page scan with the high-resolution scan to ensure they are the same painting. Small details like the position of trees, clouds, reflections, or water are good ways to check if the painting is identical, or if you’re looking at a different version.

  • Sometimes the catalog record for a book has an incorrect publication year. Please verify the page scan of the copyright page to ensure the book was published before January 1, 1929.

Resources for locating high resolution scans
Resources for locating print reproductions
Museums with CC0 collections

Images that are explicitly marked as CC0 from these museums can be used without further research. Not all of their images are CC0; you must confirm the presence of a CC0 license on the specific image you want to use.

  • Rijksmuseum (Open the “Object Data” section and check the “Copyright” entry under the “Acquisition and right” section to confirm CC0.)

  • Met Museum (CC0 items have an “OA Public Domain” icon under the picture, which leads to the Met's Open Access Initiative page that clarifies a CC0 license.)

  • National Museum Sweden (CC-PD items have the CC-PD mark in the lower left of the item’s detail view.)

  • Minneapolis Institute of Art (Public domain items are listed as such under “Rights.”)

  • The Walters Art Museum (Public domain items are listed as "CC Creative Commons License" which links to a CC0 rights page.)

  • Art Institute of Chicago (CC0 items say CC0 in the lower left of the painting in the art detail page.)

  • Cleveland Museum of Art (CC0 items have the CC0 logo near the download button.)

  • Paris Musées (CC0 items have the CC0 logo near the download button.)

  • The Smithsonian (CC0 items say CC0 under the Usage header in the item details.)

  • Birmingham Museums (CC0 items say CC0 under the Usage Rights section in the item details.)

  • National Museum in Krakow (CC0 items say CC0 - Public Domain under the Copyright section.)

  • National Gallery of Denmark (CC0 items have “No copyright” icon and a “Free to use” notice, and the About page states that such images are released via CC0.)

  • Finnish National Gallery (CC0 items say “CC Copyright Free,” and the general rights statement in the original Finnish indicates that such images are CC0 licensed.)

  • National Gallery of Art (CC0 items have a “0 Public Domain” icon under the picture, which leads to an Open Access policy mentioning a CC0 license.)

  • Nivaagaards Malerisamling (CC0 items say “Public Domain” by the picture, which leads to a license details page, which links to a CC0 license.)

  • RISD Museum (CC0 items have a link to the CC0 license in the “Use” section.)

  • Aberdeen Archives, Gallery & Museums (CC0 items say “Out of copyright - CC0” on the copyright line.)

  • Brighton & Hove Museums (CC0 items have the URL of the CC0 license in the “License” field.)

  • Grand Rapids Public Museum (CC0 items have a link to the CC0 license in the “Rights” section.)

  • Thorvaldsens Museum (CC0 items have a “0” icon under the picture, which links to the “Copyright” page, which links to the CC0 license.)

  • Musea Brugge (CC0 items indicate the images are published under the CC0 license in the “Copyright” line.)

  • Yale Center for British Art (CC0 items have a “0 Public Domain” icon under the picture, which links to the CC0 license.)

  • Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe (CC0 items have a CC0 icon below the picture.)

  • Getty Museum Collection (CC0 items have a “0 public domain” icon that links to a CC0 license. Beware, some items say “no copyright” which is not the same as CC0 and cannot be used!)

  • KMSKA (CC0 items say “This image may be downloaded for free” in the “Copyright and legal” section, which has a link to a disclaimer stating that KMSKA releases the photo under a CC0 license.)

  • National Museum in Warsaw (CC0 items say “CC0 — Public domain” under the “Copyrights’ section.)

  • Lillehammer Kunstmuseum (CC0 items say “License: CC CC0 1.0” under the “License information” section. In the art metadata, “Owner of collection” must be “Lillehammer Kunstmuseum.”)

  • Yale University Art Gallery (CC0 items say “No Copyright - United States” under the “Object copyright” section, which links to a CC0 license.)

  • Getty Center (CC0 items say “Public Domain” below the thumbnail, which links to a CC0 license.)

Clearance FAQ

  • I found a great painting, and Wikipedia says it’s public domain, but I can’t find a reproduction in a book. Can I use it?

    No. You must find a reproduction of your selected painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

  • I found a great painting, and it’s really old, and the author died a long time ago, but I can’t find a reproduction in a book. Can I use it?

    No. You must find a reproduction of your selected painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

  • I’ve found a reproduction in a book, but the book was published after January 1, 1929. Is that OK?

    No. You must find a reproduction of your selected painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

  • I’ve found a painting on a museum site and it says they think it’s in the public domain, but there’s no other license information. Is that OK?

    No. You must find a reproduction of your selected painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

  • I’ve found a painting on a museum site, and it has a CC license other than CC0. Is that OK?

    No. You must find a reproduction of your selected painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

  • But...

    No. You must find a reproduction of your selected painting in a book published before January 1, 1929.

The titlepage image

The titlepage image is auto-generated by the se create-draft tool. The arrangement of the text is a suggestion, and may be changed by the producer in case a more visually-pleasing arrangement is desired.

After completing ./images/titlepage.svg, use the se build-images tool to build the rasterized distribution SVG in ./src/epub/images/titlepage.svg.

  1. The <title> element has a value of The titlepage for the Standard Ebooks edition of followed by the title string.

Titlepage image layout

  1. The title, author, other contributors are in League Spartan font with 5px letter spacing in ALL CAPS.

    1. If the author or a contributor is Anonymous, then they are omitted from the titlepage image.

  2. The titlepage does not include subtitles.

    For example, the titlepage would contain THE MAN WHO WAS THURSDAY, but not THE MAN WHO WAS THURSDAY: A NIGHTMARE.

  3. Names of contributors besides the author are preceded by translated by or illustrated by. translated by and illustrated by are set in lowercase Sorts Mill Goudy Italic font.

  4. Only the author, translator, and illustrator are on the titlepage. Other contributors like writers of introductions or annotators are not included.

  5. The canvas has a padding area of 50px vertically and 100px horizontally in which text must not enter.

  6. The viewbox width is exactly 1400px wide.

  7. The viewbox height must precisely fit the titlepage contents, plus 50px padding.

Title line dimensions

  1. Each title line is 80px tall.

  2. The title is split into as many lines as necessary to fit.

  3. Title lines are separated by a 20px margin between each line.

Author line dimensions

  1. The first author line begins 100px below the last title line.

  2. Each author line is 60px tall.

  3. If an author line must be split, the next line begins 20px below the previous one.

  4. For works with multiple authors, subsequent author lines begin 20px below the last author line.

Contributor lines dimensions

  1. “Contributors” are a “contributor descriptor,” like translated by, followed by the contributor name on a new line.

  2. The first contributor descriptor line begins 150px below the last author line.

  3. Contributor descriptor lines are 40px tall, all lowercase, in the Sorts Mill Goudy Italic font.

  4. The contributor name begins 20px below the contributor descriptor line.

  5. The contributor name is 40px tall, ALL CAPS, in the League Spartan font.

  6. If there is more than one contributor of the same type (like multiple translators), they are listed on one line. If there are two, separate them with AND. If there are more than two, separate them with commas, and AND after the final comma. Example: Siddhartha, by Hermann Hesse.

  7. If there is more than one contributor type (like both a translator and an illustrator), the next contributor descriptor begins 80px after the last contributor name.

Other images

Ebooks often have illustrations outside of the cover and titlepage images. Standard Ebooks ebook repositories distinguish between the source image copy, which is a high-resolution image saved in the repository for future needs, and the distributable image copy, which uses the source image copy as a base but is typically scaled down or otherwise processed, and which is the copy of the image that is distributed with the final ebook.

  1. JPEG and TIFF image filenames end in .jpg and .tif, respectively, not .jpeg or .tiff.

Source images

The source image is an unedited, raw copy of the image that is in the highest-resolution possible.

  1. Source images are located in ./images/.

  2. There is always a source image for each corresponding distributable image, even if they are identical.

Distributable images

Distributable images are source images that have been processed for distribution, for example by scaling them down, removing frames, or converting them to SVG.

  1. Distributable images are located in ./src/epub/images/.

  2. The maximum dimensions for distributable images is 2,000 × 2,000 pixels.

  3. Images that consist of plain black line drawings are converted to SVG for distribution.

  4. Distributable images are not larger than 1.5MB in file size, with the exception of the cover image SVG.